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World’s biggest particle smasher pauses for upgrading in dark matter hunt

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On Monday, the most potent particle accelerator in the world will cease operations for a four-year renovation that would significantly increase its collision capacity and the possibility of solving dark matter, one of the universe’s greatest mysteries.

The most well-known usage of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 27-kilometer circular tunnel that smashes protons in the center of Europe’s physics facility CERN near Geneva, was to demonstrate the existence of the Higgs boson, also known as “the God particle.”

Superconducting magnets and accelerating structures in the tunnel, which is located approximately 100 meters below the French-Swiss border, drive particles to extremely high energy and then collide them at incredible speeds.

However, operations will cease on Monday when the remarkable apparatus is upgraded to significantly boost the accuracy and force of particle collisions.

After it is finished, the upgraded particle smasher, which will be known as the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), is expected to start operating in June 2030 and run for roughly ten years.There are a lot of discoveries to come.This is a crucial time. We will be starting a new phase on Monday,” Markus Zerlauth, the head of the HL-LHC project, told reporters.Many physics questions remain unanswered. Numerous discoveries yet to be made.

In comparison to the LHC, the objective is to raise the “luminosity”—that is, the total number of collisions produced over a given period—by a factor of ten.

It is anticipated that the refurbishment will cost 1.2 billion Swiss francs ($1.5 billion) in total.

That will be paid by CERN membership fees, combined with in-kind contributions, amounting roughly 10-15 percent of the total, including from the United States, Japan, Canada and China.

1.2 kilometres of the 27-kilometer tunnel will need to have all of its components replaced as part of the refurbishment.

To boost the number of collisions, new superconducting magnets that can further concentrate the particle beams will be added.

Once operational, there will be between 140 and 200 collisions—up from the current 60—every time two particle packets collide inside the tunnel’s detectors.

According to Zerlauth, “the increased number of collisions will allow us to collect up to 100 times more data” overall.

There will be so many collisions—several billions every second—that it would be difficult to store all the information generated.

Artificial intelligence systems that can recognise the most promising incidents will be tasked with selecting which collisions should be recorded in real time.

However, Nedaa-Alexandra Asbah, a research physicist at CERN’s ATLAS experiment, which used the LHC to assist discover the Higgs Boson, argued that “AI does not replace physicists”It is an effective tool that enables us to utilise the data more effectively.

The Big Bang

The main goal of CERN is to increase basic knowledge, which is what the HL-LHC seeks to do.Filip Moortgat, CMS’s operations coordinator, stated, “We want to look for new particles.” The LHC detector is intended to investigate a variety of physics topics, such as the search for dark matter particles and other dimensions.

Only five percent of the cosmos, according to scientists, is made up of ordinary matter, which includes stars, gases, dust, planets, and everything on them.

Dark matter (27 percent) and dark energy (68 percent), two invisible substances that scientists have not yet been able to identify or directly study, are thought to make up the remainder.

The Higgs boson’s discovery in 2012 added a crucial piece to the jigsaw, expanding our knowledge of how particles get mass and earning physicists Peter Higgs and Francois Englert the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Once the upgrade is completed, CERN intends to greatly extend its understanding of how the “God particle” works, with the HL-HLC predicted to produce roughly 380 million Higgs bosons over its lifespan, compared to 55 million detected since LHC operations began in 2008.

Asbah stated that the lab’s primary goal is to create two Higgs Bosons at once, which would be a first, and observe their interaction.

This, she said, “may provide clues about how our Universe evolved shortly after the Big Bang”.

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FM Dar arrives in New York for 81st session of UN General Assembly

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Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar arrived in New York on Sunday afternoon to participate in the 81st Session of the United Nations General Assembly.

He was met at Kennedy International airport by Pakistan UN Ambassador, Asim Iftikhar Ahmad, Ambassador to the United States Rizwan Saeed Sheikh, Consul General in New York Aamer Ahmed Atozai and senior officials of Pakistan Mission and consulate General.

DPM/FM Dar will have a busy schedule of meetings at the United Nations.

He will attend the meeting of the OIC Contact Group on J&K where he would reiterate Pakistan’s unfailing support for the right to self-determination of the Kashmiris.

The Deputy Prime Minister will also participate in a number of OIC Ministerial meetings on the sidelines of the UNGA including OIC Foreign Ministers’ Annual Coordination Meeting as well as other OIC Contact Group meetings.

He will also participate in a number of high-level meetings on Palestine, including the meeting of the Group of Eight Arab Islamic countries, the High-Level Ministerial Meeting of the Global Alliance for the Implementation of the Two-State Solution, and others.

He will also attend the High-Level Meeting on Pandemic prevention, readiness and response and deliver a statement during the UN Security Council high-level briefing on the issue of Artificial Intelligence, the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister said.

He will also chair a meeting of the ECO Council of Ministers.

DPM/FM Dar will join the Prime Minister to high-level bilateral meetings and engagements, and will also hold bilateral meetings with his colleagues from a number of countries.

During the meetings, he would underscore Pakistan’s continued efforts for regional and international peace and stability and share perspectives on significant regional and worldwide concerns.

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Xi arrives for Trump summit with China’s trade engine in full operation

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– In the four months since the leaders of the two global superpowers last met, Xi Jinping has overseen a surge in China’s trade with the world while Donald Trump has struggled with falling ​approval ratings at home.

That shift in fortunes has tempered expectations for their summit in Washington this week, analysts say, with Xi in no rush to make concessions and Trump constrained by ‌a costly war with Iran that has hurt both his popularity and Americans’ wallets.

While thorny issues like Taiwan may surface, the main focus of the September 24 meeting is whether the leaders will signal an extension to a trade truce struck last year that averted a major shock to the global economy.

“Xi is not really looking for anything tangible. He wants to extend the gentleman’s agreement with Trump so that China has time to fortify itself,” said Jon Czin, a foreign policy expert at the Brookings Institution who ​formerly served as China director at the US National Security Council.

‘LIVING IN XI’S WORLD’

White House officials have sought to downplay the potential for major breakthroughs. US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and Chinese Vice Premier ​He Lifeng helmed preparatory talks in New York on Sunday aimed at teeing up some potential agreements on AI guardrails and trade in non-sensitive products.

That is a far ⁠cry from Trump’s vow when he returned to office in 2025 to use tariffs to address a trade imbalance with China that was “killing” the United States.

But since agreeing the truce with Xi in October of that ​year, his attention has been divided among myriad other foreign policy battles, from the wars in Iran and Ukraine to disputes with Europe over free speech.

China has faced its own challenges, such as slowing domestic demand and a ​protracted property crisis, but the export juggernaut that Trump sought to tame has kept roaring in what economists are increasingly referring to as China Shock 2.0.

China’s global trade surplus is on pace to top $1 trillion for a second straight year.

While US efforts to curb the cheap parcels that online retailers such as Shein and Temu rely on have worked, more than half of the roughly 6,500 product categories China sold to  the US so far this year have grown compared to 2025.

A delegation of Chinese business ​leaders, potentially including some firms facing US regulatory scrutiny as they seek greater market access, is set to accompany Xi to Washington.

The Trump administration “thought they could use massive unilateral pressure to force China to make concessions, ​and that did not occur,” said Scott Kennedy, an expert on the US-China economic relationship at Washington-based think tank CSIS.
“Now this is Xi Jinping’s world, and we’re all living in it.”

If Xi is in the driver’s seat as ‌analysts suggest, ⁠that will further unnerve US allies in Asia who expect the Chinese leader to push Trump to soften Washington’s support for Taiwan, the democratically governed island claimed by Beijing.

Xi repeatedly asked him about Taiwan when they met in Beijing in May, including about arms sales and Washington’s resolve to defend the island, Trump told reporters.

The US president described a pending $14 billion arms package for Taiwan as a “negotiating chip” with Beijing.

Some officials in Taipei and Tokyo worry he may be tempted to cash in that chip for political wins ahead of November’s midterm elections, which could prove challenging for his Republican Party.

That could include Chinese purchases of Boeing (BA.N), opens new tab jets or farm goods, or commitments to curb the ​flow of fentanyl precursor chemicals that have fuelled the ​US opioid crisis.

“China-US ties have become more transactional,” ⁠said Wu Xinbo, a professor at Shanghai’s Fudan University who advises China’s foreign ministry.
While Washington may want to prioritise trade talks, for Beijing, the US approach to Taiwan could be key, he said.

“If you accommodate our concern on the Taiwan issue, then we would be willing to accommodate your concerns on other issues, be it ​law enforcement or on purchases of US agricultural products,” Wu said.

PUTTING PRESSURE ON IRAN

Washington also sees Xi as uniquely able to exert pressure on Iran to bring ​an end to the war ⁠that has dragged Trump’s approval rating to the lowest of his political career.

However, Xi has shown little inclination to do so. Reuters earlier this month reported that Beijing is selling billions of dollars’ worth of goods to Iran through a sanctions-evasion scheme. China’s foreign ministry says it is not aware of such a scheme.

US threats last month of secondary sanctions on countries doing business with Iran – which Bessent called an “Economic D-Day” – appear not to have yet been wielded against Tehran’s ⁠largest trading partner.

That ​is more evidence, analysts say, that Trump is eager to keep relations with Xi steady as he focuses his energies elsewhere – an ​arrangement that also suits the Chinese leader.

“Both Xi and Trump feel it’s quite helpful to have stability in the relationship so that they can focus on more pressing things,” said Ruby Osman, senior geopolitical researcher at the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change.

“For Trump, that ​is Iran. For Xi, that is building out China’s domestic resilience for whatever comes after Trump.”

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Khawaja Asif slams PTI’s Junaid Akbar for ‘Somnath’ statement ahead of protest

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– Defence Minister Khawaja Asif has criticised Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa President Junaid Akbar over his remarks regarding the party’s planned September 27 protest in Islamabad.

Responding on social media, Asif said Islamabad was neither Somnath nor Junaid Akbar Mahmood of Ghaznavi, referring to Akbar’s statement that the PTI would “turn Islamabad into Somnath” during its planned march.

Asif said Islamabad represented the federation and was an important symbol of Pakistan. He questioned the impact of such statements at a time when bloodshed was continuing in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

The defence minister also questioned whether the attack mentioned by Akbar for September 27 would involve militants or Afghan nationals living in Pakistan, saying the federal government would defend Islamabad with full force.

Asif further referred to the May 9 and November 26 incidents, saying the statements surrounding the upcoming protest would allow people to form their own view of the PTI leadership’s intentions.

A day earlier, Junaid Akbar had warned the government against using force during the PTI’s planned Islamabad march. Speaking at a gathering in Peshawar, he claimed the party expected he state to open fire on protesters but said its workers would not simply collect bodies and return.

He then used the phrase “We will turn Islamabad into Somnath” while addressing the gathering.
 

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